Bitcoin is unpredictable

There are so many articles on Bitcoin these days. It’s going up, no down, hang on I meant up. The problem is that no-one really understands it. Maybe an investor got lucky and made a lot of money but that does not make them an expert on the matter.

Save My exams – recommended resource

Save My Exams

https://www.savemyexams.co.uk/

I highly recommend this resource for mathematics revision. This is the site I use the most. There is much material available for free, including much syllabus-specific material on the new A-level. Many of the mark schemes are available for the subscription of £60 per year. It is regularly updated.

I am always impressed at the people who spend so much time creating such sites. They really do dedicate a lot of time to them.

Another great site is Physicsandmathstutor.com. It is free to use and has a host of GCSE and A-Levél material. Many students use this. You may also view my page where I list various resources here.

Bad A-level maths results?

If you failed to achieve the mathematics results you were hoping for, getting bad exam results, all is not lost. Taking a year out can be a good move. There are a number of reasons why students fail to achieve the exam grades they were hoping for. Make time to reflect on where things went wrong. There will be many things that you did right of course, but somehow it didn’t come together. Many people do not perform well under stress and focussing on one subject instead of three for an extended period of time will allow you to assess your strengths and weaknesses and recoup.

When we are young, a year seems like a long time but patience is a virtue and needs to be cultivated these days when everyone expects to be able to get immediate satisfaction. Self-reflection and circumspection are all qualities which are sought by employers.

Download a copy of the syllabus and highlight topics that you are less sure about. Be honest. Then highlight those topics you have some idea about and those you are confident at. Now print out a copy of the formula booklet for your syllabus and have this to hand when you practise.

Do you learn better by watching videos of questions being worked through? If that is the case, then there are some websites with videos of questions by topic for you to browse through and watch. www.examsolutions.net is one such website.

When you are ready to try your hand at some exam questions, you can find many places online where they are sorted by topic or where you can download entire past papers. Of course, with the new maths syllabus, you do have to resort to ‘legacy’ questions once you have exhausted the available ‘new’ material. But as you become familiar with the syllabus, you will be come expert at picking through ‘legacy’ papers and identifying which questions are relevant and which are not.

What to look for in a tutor

I have been tutoring privately since 2013 and teaching mathematics and physics since 1996. I have tutored well in excess of 100 students since I started and have covered all manner of syllabi in both subjects. I have taught GCSE, IGCSE, A-level, Pre-U, International Baccalaureate as well as AP Calculus AB (the American syllabus).

In my experience, the most important factor which is overlooked is the tutor’s subject knowledge. A close second is the tutor’s enthusiasm and ability to motivate the student. If I am not totally familiar with a syllabus, all the information that I need is available online. But if I don’t understand the topics covered, it is not going to be much use even if I know the syllabus inside out. All maths and physics syllabi share a large amount of common material. You can be sure that 80% of the material is the same.

Twenty Great Maths Books for Young People

Fermat's Last Theorem

In 2016, I was asked to create a creative mathematics course and in doing so, I researched some books which are suitable for young people of different ages to expand their interest in the subject. The table has a brief summary of each book and below you will find more detailed information.

Title Author Comment
The Dot and the Line: A Romance in Lower Mathematics Norman Juster Maths based story

£7.59

Sir Cumference and the Dragon of Pi Cindy Neuschwander 9 in the series, fun stories

£5.93

This is Not a Maths Book Anna Weltman Fun challenges

£12.19

The Riddle of Scheherazade Raymond Smullyan Riddles

£12.96

Aha! Gotcha Martin Gardner Paradoxes

£5.90

My Best Mathematical and Logic Puzzles Martin Gardner Puzzles

£4.11

Logic Puzzles Mark Fowler Puzzles

£10.95

The Chess Mysteries of Sherlock Holmes Raymond Smullyan 50 chess mysteries

£15.00

Mythematics: Solving the Twelve Labors of Hercules Michael Huber Puzzles

£5.95

The Symmetry of Things John H. Conway Beautiful book
50 Maths Ideas You Really Need to Know Tony Crilly Essential maths ideas
Alex’s Adventures in Numberland Alex Bellos Simply explains maths ideas
Here’s Looking at Euclid Alex Bellos Some fun history of maths
The Number Devil Hans Enzenberger A Mathematical Adventure
The Man Who Counted Malba Tahan Mathematical Adventures
What is the Name of This Book? Raymond Smullyan Puzzles
Things to make in the Fourth Dimension Matt Parker Unusual maths
The Man Who Loved Only Numbers Paul Hoffman Biography
The Man Who Knew Infinity Robert Kanigel Biography
100 Math Brainteasers Zbigniew Romanowicz Puzzles
300+ Mathematical Pattern Puzzles: Number Pattern Recognition & Reasoning

Chris McMullen Puzzles
The Moscow Puzzles Boris A Kordemski Puzzles
Math Crossword Puzzles Anna Napolitano Crosswords
The Complete Book of Fun Maths Philip Carter Puzzles
Project Origami Thomas Hull Origami and Maths
The History of Mathematics Jaqueline Stedall History of Maths

The Dot and the Line: A Romance in Lower Mathematics Once upon a time there was a sensible straight line who was hopelessly in love with a beautiful dot. But the dot, though perfect in every way, only had eyes for a wild and unkempt squiggle. All of the line’s romantic dreams were in vain, until he discovered…angles! Now, with newfound self-expression, he can be anything he wants to be–a square, a triangle, a parallelogram. And that’s just the beginning! First published in 1963 and made into an Academy Award-winning animated short film, here is a supremely witty love story with a twist that reveals profound truths about relationships–both human and mathematical–sure to tickle lovers of all ages.

Sir Cumference and the Dragon of Pi is a fun book aimed at younger children to learn concepts about pi, geometry terms and maths related to the circle.

This is Not a Maths Book Discover how maths can be artistic and art can be mathematical with this awesome activity book, full of fun drawing challenges with a mathematical basis. Amazing patterns with a mathematical essence will be revealed as you follow the simple activity instructions. Learn incredible maths facts as you draw the beautiful designs. From simple geometric patterns to fascinating fractal art, to awesome anamorphic art, and cool celtic knots, discover the beauty in maths, and the maths in beauty. Left-brain and right-brain come together to create fantastic maths art!

The Riddle of Scheherazade The most entertaining logician and set theorist who ever lived” (Martin Gardner) gives us an encore to The Lady or the Tiger?-a fiendishly clever, utterly captivating new collection of 225 brainteasers, puzzles, and paradoxes.

Aha! Gotcha Paradoxes to puzzle and delight.

Logic Puzzles Anyone who likes logic puzzles would love this book. The puzzles are not just printed they are presented in colorful illustrations. The book has several plots that all come together at the end. I love this book and I think anyone who likes logic problems would too.

The Chess Mysteries of Sherlock Holmes Here — from philosopher/logician/puzzlemaker Raymond Smullyan — are fifty elegant, witty, and altogether unique “chess mysteries.” In each problem the solver has to deduce certain events in a game’s past. For example: On what square was the White queen captured? or, Is the White queen promoted or original?

Since these problems involve the same sort of logical reasoning that lies at the core of the Sherlock Holmes stories, Raymond Smullyan has aptly set each one within its own Holmes-Watson dialogue. In each case Holmes, by his remarkable powers of deduction, is able to demonstrate to his awed admirers precisely what must have happened, move by move, at the “scene of the crime” — the chess table. For example: what the missing piece is; what square it should be on; whether or not either side can castle.

In the second half, through a series of progressively more difficult (self-contained) chess problems, Holmes, with the reader’s help, solves a mystery and a double murder — perpetrated, of course, by Moriarty. And at the end of the book are ten bonus problems from Moriarty himself (four of them composed before the age of nine!)

Mythematics: Solving the Twelve Labors of Hercules How might Hercules, the most famous of the Greek heroes, have used mathematics to complete his astonishing Twelve Labors? From conquering the Nemean Lion and cleaning out the Augean Stables, to capturing the Erymanthean Boar and entering the Underworld to defeat the three-headed dog Cerberus, Hercules and his legend are the inspiration for this book of fun and original math puzzles.

The Symmetry of Things Start with a single shape. Repeat it in some way―translation, reflection over a line, rotation around a point―and you have created symmetry.

Symmetry is a fundamental phenomenon in art, science, and nature that has been captured, described, and analyzed using mathematical concepts for a long time. Inspired by the geometric intuition of Bill Thurston and empowered by his own analytical skills, John Conway, with his coauthors, has developed a comprehensive mathematical theory of symmetry that allows the description and classification of symmetries in numerous geometric environments.

This richly and compellingly illustrated book addresses the phenomenological, analytical, and mathematical aspects of symmetry on three levels that build on one another and will speak to interested lay people, artists, working mathematicians, and researchers.

50 Maths Ideas You Really Need to Know Who invented zero? Why 60 seconds in a minute? How big is infinity? Where do parallel lines meet? And can a butterfly’s wings really cause a storm on the far side of the world?

In 50 Maths Ideas You Really Need to Know, Professor Tony Crilly explains in 50 clear and concise essays the mathematical concepts – ancient and modern, theoretical and practical, everyday and esoteric – that allow us to understand and shape the world around us.

Packed with diagrams, examples and anecdotes, this book is the perfect overview of this often daunting but always essential subject. For once, mathematics couldn’t be simpler.

Contents include: Origins of mathematics, from Egyptian fractions to Roman numerals; Pi and primes, Fibonacci numbers and the golden ratio; What calculus, statistics and algebra can actually do; The very real uses of imaginary numbers; The Big Ideas of relativity, Chaos theory, Fractals, Genetics and hyperspace; The reasoning behind Sudoku and code cracking, Lotteries and gambling, Money management and compound interest; Solving of Fermat’s last theorem and the million-dollar question of the Riemann hypothesis.

Alex’s Adventures in Numberland

The book is written for the general reader. It’s my journey as I travel around the world meeting characters who bring mathematical ideas to life. The pages contain reportage, history and mathematical proofs.

The subject areas I discuss include the cognitive psychology of numbers, number systems, number bases, the abacus, Euclidean geometry, origami, arithmetic, pi, algebra, logarithms, slide rules, sequences, prime numbers, puzzles, magic squares, probability, statistics, non-Euclidean geometry and infinity.

Here’s Looking at Euclid Too often math gets a bad rap, characterized as dry and difficult. But, Alex Bellos says, “math can be inspiring and brilliantly creative. Mathematical thought is one of the great achievements of the human race, and arguably the foundation of all human progress. The world of mathematics is a remarkable place.”

The Number Devil In twelve dreams, Robert, a boy who hates math, meets a Number Devil, who leads him to discover the amazing world of numbers: infinite numbers, prime numbers, Fibonacci numbers, numbers that magically appear in triangles, and numbers that expand without. As we dream with him, we are taken further and further into mathematical theory, where ideas eventually take flight, until everyone – from those who fumble over fractions to those who solve complex equations in their heads – winds up marveling at what numbers can do.

Hans Magnus Enzensberger is a true polymath, the kind of superb intellectual who loves thinking and marshals all of his charm and wit to share his passions with the world. In The Number Devil, he brings together the surreal logic of Alice in Wonderland and the existential geometry of Flatland with the kind of math everyone would love, if only they had a number devil to teach it to them.

The Man Who Counted Malba Tahan is the creation of a celebrated Brazilian mathematician looking for a way to bring some of the mysteries and pleasures of mathematics to a wider public. The adventures of Beremiz Samir, The Man Who Counted, take the reader on a journey in which, time and again, Samir summons his extraordinary mathematical powers to settle disputes, give wise advice, overcome dangerous enemies, and win for himself fame, fortune, and rich rewards. We learn of previous mathematicians and come to admire Samir’s wisdom and patience. In the grace of Tahan’s telling, these stories hold unusual delights for the reader.

What is the Name of This Book? The value of the book lies in the wealth of ingenious puzzles. They afford amusement, vigorous exercise, and instruction.” — Willard Van Orman Quine, The New York Times Book Review

If you’re intrigued by puzzles and paradoxes, these 200 mind-bending logic puzzles, riddles, and diversions will thrill you with challenges to your powers of reason and common sense. Raymond M. Smullyan — a celebrated mathematician, logician, magician, and author — presents a logical labyrinth of more than 200 increasingly complex problems. The puzzles delve into Gödel’s undecidability theorem and other examples of the deepest paradoxes of logic and set theory. Detailed solutions follow each puzzle.

Things to make in the Fourth Dimension contains some of the author’s favourite bits of mathematics, complete with hands-on activities. If you want an insight into the world of being a mathematician, while putting up with his dry jokes and hilarious chapter headings at the same time, this is the book for you!

The Man Who Loved Only Numbers The biography of a mathematical genius. Paul Erdos was the most prolific pure mathematician in history and, arguably, the strangest too. ‘A mathematical genius of the first order, Paul Erdos was totally obsessed with his subject – he thought and wrote mathematics for nineteen hours a day until he died. He travelled constantly, living out of a plastic bag and had no interest in food, sex, companionship, art – all that is usually indispensible to a human life. Paul Hoffman, in this marvellous biography, gives us a vivid and strangely moving portrait of this singular creature, one that brings out not only Erdos’s genius and his oddness, but his warmth and sense of fun, the joyfulness of his strange life.’ Oliver Sacks For six decades Erdos had no job, no hobbies, no wife, no home; he never learnt to cook, do laundry, drive a car and died a virgin. Instead he travelled the world with his mother in tow, arriving at the doorstep of esteemed mathematicians declaring ‘My brain is open’. He travelled until his death at 83, racing across four continents to prove as many theorems as possible, fuelled by a diet of espresso and amphetamines. With more than 1,500 papers written or co-written, a daily routine of 19 hours of mathematics a day, seven days a week, Paul Erdos was one of the most extraordinary thinkers of our times.

100 Math Brainteasers 100 Math Brainteasers (Grade 7-10) is a subtle selection of one hundred arithmetic, algebra, and geometry assignments, which efficiently train the mind in math skills. It will be helpful for students attending High School and also in preparation for Mathematical competitions or Olympiads at a younger age. The assignments can equally be used in the classroom or in extracurricular activities. The fun and games are delightful, original, and solving them is even more enjoyable thanks to the funny illustrations. Most of the math problems do not require any exceptional mathematical proficiency, but above all, they challenge one’s creativity and ability to think logically. Only a few solicit the knowledge of algebraic expressions and rules of geometry. Authors: Zbigniew Romanowicz, Ph.D., was an outstanding teacher and a well-known proponent of mathematics among young people. He belonged to the great Russian-Polish school of mathematics. He served as Director of the Institute of Mathematics at the Wroclaw University of Technology in Poland. In the years 1992-2004, he chaired the jury of the Polish Mathematics and Logic Games championship, which is within the works of the Paris-based ‘Comite International des Jeux Mathematiques’. He ran the popularly acclaimed interscholastic math clubs. For 10 years, he was chairman of the Committee of Regional Mathematical Olympiads. He was an avid promoter of mathematics and an activist of the Polish Mathematical Society. Bartholomew Dyda, Eng. D., a graduate of the Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology at the Wroclaw University of Technology in Poland, is working at the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Wroclaw University of Technology. Since 1992 he competes in the Mathematical and Logic Games championships, achieving considerable success. He is a two-time recipient of the bronze medal at the International Championship of Mathematical and Logical Games in Paris, France.

300+ Mathematical Pattern Puzzles: Number Pattern Recognition & Reasoning Enjoy a variety of mathematical pattern puzzles. It starts out easy with basic patterns and simple puzzles, and the challenge level grows progressively. This way, puzzlers of all ages and abilities can enjoy many of the patterns and puzzles in this book.

Using the statistical package ‘R’ for data analysis

I have recently taken some online courses in the statistical package called ‘R’ that is freely available in the public domain. After a little effort, I was able to instal this on my Macbook. It creates beautiful plots and is a very versatile and powerful aid to understanding big data.

After installation of R Studio, and the installation of the necessary packages and libraries, I was able to get to work in understanding it. I decided to take the free online courses on edX for a start. Data Science R Basics is an introduction to the nuts and bolts of R including data frames, data types and function calls, conditionals and for loops. Data Science: Visualization is an introduction to ggplot and its features and explains how to select and summarize data from a data frame according to logical conditions.

I thoroughly recommend the courses by edX as they track your progress unit by unit and include ideos and explanatory material.

Screenshot 2019-02-03 at 01.09.53
A scatter plot of life expectancy verses fertility by region

Screenshot 2019-02-03 at 01.10.28
Stacked density plot of income by region for 1970 and 2010.

Above are some sample plots extracted from data sets containing life expectancy, fertility and income statistics. Such data sets are available as add-ons free of charge as is everything with R.

Here is one plot that I made after a few days studying the online material.

Screenshot 2019-02-03 at 02.06.10
The heights of boys and girls in the USA by age – a stacked density plot using the NHANES data.

Teaching Advanced Placement Calculus

Ap Calculus

In 2019 I taught online a student taking Advanced Placement Calculus AB and used the free Khan Academy resources available here. I must say that it is a lovely resource as it keeps a running track of the student’s weaknesses and strengths topic by topic and even by subtopic.

Online tuition

More and more tutors are providing online tuition these days. I use a digital pen and an interactive whiteboard. Notes that I write are displayed on a shared screen and the student can also interact via this learning space. Documents in jpeg or pdf format may easily be uploaded. All that is needed is a stable internet connection at both ends. There are so many resources on the internet to enhance any lesson. I give about 50% of my lessons online and it is very convenient. Lesson notes may be retrieved at any time.

One factor in choosing online tuition is the lack of availability of good local tutors, if the student lives in a remote area or if you simply want convenience.

I currently tutor students regularly in the UK and overseas. I believe that it is going to be the future of learning. There are even schemes to introduce online teaching to poorer families by teaching several students at once. The cost is then shared equally, allowing parents who could never afford private tuition to be able to do so. Just imagine if a scheme could be rolled out like this in the developing world. Five or so poor kids from a South African township meet up at their local church or community centre and log on to computers or even just mobile devices. They have an interactive learning experience with a teacher in the UK and it costs them almost nothing because the relatively low cost per student is subsidised by the organisation they are meeting at.